Toilet Water Management in Bedengan Tourism Park Malang Using LoRa-Based Wireless Sensor Network
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v15i3.6944Keywords:
ESP 32, LORA, Solar energy, Toilet water distribution, Water flow sensor, Wireless sensor networkAbstract
The availability of adequate public facilities at Bedengan Tourism Park, Malang, is essential, particularly toilet facilities that require a reliable water supply. Currently, toilet water distribution is channeled through a single main pipe divided into several outlets, resulting in limited water flow due to small pipe dimensions and the absence of a water storage reservoir. These conditions cause insufficient water availability, especially during peak usage. To address this issue, this study designs and implements a toilet water distribution system using a wireless sensor network integrated with solar energy. The proposed system utilizes an ESP32 microcontroller, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, YF-S201 water flow sensor, and a LoRa E220-900T22D module for long-range communication. Experimental results show that the HC-SR04 sensor achieves an accuracy of 99.951%, while the YF-S201 water flow sensor reaches an accuracy of 97.943%. The maximum LoRa transmission distance achieved is 560 meters. Solar charging for 6 hours fully charges a 100 Ah battery, while the discharge rate is 0.236 Ah, allowing the system to operate for up to 423 hours. Quality of Service evaluation indicates a throughput of 82.5%, packet loss of 0.996%, and an average delay of 0.585 seconds. The system enables both automatic and manual pump control via a website and provides real-time monitoring of water volume and reservoir level.
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