Implementation of the DE-LEACH Protocol in LoRa Communication Systems to Enhance WSN Lifetime
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v15i4.8766Keywords:
DE-LEACH, Energy Efficiency, LoRa, Network Lifetime, Wireless Sensor NetworkAbstract
Energy efficiency is a major challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) due to power limitations on sensor nodes. This study implements the Distance and Energy-aware LEACH (DE-LEACH) protocol in the LoRa communication system to increase network lifetime. The evaluation was conducted through simulation with 16 nodes and hardware testing based on ESP32, LoRa RA-02 module, DHT11 sensor, MQ-2, voltage sensor, and ACS712. Simulation results show that DE-LEACH extends network lifetime to ±2800 rounds, with First Node Dead (FND) at round 1900, Last Node Dead (LND) at round 2900, and cumulative energy consumption of 16J. Compared to REACT-LEACH, DE-LEACH delays FND by ±1300 rounds longer. In hardware implementation, the DE-LEACH system lasted up to ±289 rounds, longer than the non-clustering method (±303 rounds vs. ±245 active node rounds), with an average energy consumption per round that was 12–18% lower. The integration of LoRa in the SF7, BW125 kHz, and CR 4/5 configuration enables low-power long-range communication without degrading the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). These findings confirm that DE- LEACH is capable of distributing the energy load more evenly, improving power consumption efficiency, and significantly extending the lifetime of WSNs, both at the simulation level and in real-world implementations.
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