Modification of Rice Straw Cellulose with Acrylamide using Ammonium Persulfate Initiator by Microwave Assisted

Sperisa Distantina; Insan Idealina Citra; Putu Amelia Indira Putri; Kaavessina Mujtahid

doi:10.33795/jtkl.v10i1.9125

Authors

Sperisa Distantina Departement of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
Insan Idealina Citra Departement of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
Putu Amelia Indira Putri Departement of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
Kaavessina Mujtahid Departement of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v10i1.9125

Keywords:

acrylamide, carrageenan, hydrogel, microwave grafting, rice straw

Abstract

In this study, rice straw powder was grafted with acrylamide (AA) using amonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator to obtaine rice straw cellulose-graft-polyacrylamide (RS-g-PAA). The resulting RS-g-PAA was then mixed with carrageenan to form bead gel. This research aimed to determine the influence of the amount of acrylamide and ammonium persulfate as an initiator on the swelling capacity of bead gels. The mixture of 1 g of rice straw cellulose, AA (5, 10, 15 g), APS (0.05, 0.10, 0.15 g), and 50 mL aquadest was irradiated using microwave at 540 W for 30 s with cooling cycles. The aqueous mixture of RS-g-PAA and carrageenan was injected into palm oil layer and then crosslinked using KCl and CaCl₂. The results of FTIR show that the successful grafting by the appearance of amide groups in the RS-g-PAA structure. The bead gel with 15 g AA showed the highest swelling capacity of 1806.12% in aquadest and 1611.58% in urine solution. Bead gels from APS of 0.10 g produced the highest swelling capacity of 1218.15% in aquadest and 975.20% in urine solution. Therefore, the bead gels based on RS-g-PAA and carrageenan demonstrate strong potential as an environmentally friendly superabsorbent polymers.

References

M. Ramos, E. Laveriano, L. San Sebastian, M. Perez, A. Jimenez, R.M. Lamuela-Raventos, A. Vallverdu-Queralt, Rice straw as a valuable source of cellulose and polyphenols: Application in the food industry, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 131 (2023) 14–27.

S.H. Zainal, N.H. Mohd, N. Suhaili, F.H. Anuar, A.M. Lazim, R. Othaman, Preparation of cellulose-based hydrogel: A review, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 10 (2021) 935–952.

M. Abd El-Aal, R. Abouzeid, G. Eggleston, Q. Wu, Microwave-assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted lignocellulose nanofibers and their use as bio-flocculant, Sep. Purif. Technol. 378 (2025) 134738.

G. Cui, X. Wang, J. Xun, T. Lou, Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of a ternary flocculant from chitosan, acrylamide and lignin, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 123 (2017) 269–275.

G. Kadry, H.A. El-Gawad, Rice straw derived cellulose-based hydrogels synthesis and applications as water reservoir system, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 253 (2023) 127058.

F.M. Tarmidzi, I.K. Maharsih, T.R. Jannah, C.S. Wahyuni, Sintesis hidrogel pektin-gelatin dengan penambahan ekstrak kulit buah naga sebagai kandidat pembalut luka bakar, J. Tek. Kim. Ling. 4 (2020) 53–60.

G.P. Aji, M.N.S. Arifandi, S. Distantina, M. Kaavessina, Microwave-assisted synthesis of corn husk-based hydrogels grafted with acrylamide, Alchemy 20 (2024) 198–205.

G. Sennakesavan, M. Mostakhdemin, L.K. Dkhar, A. Seyfoddin, S.J. Fatihhi, Acrylic acid/acrylamide based hydrogels and its properties – A review, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 180 (2020) 109308.

A. Ben Ali, R. Elaf, M. Saad, I.A. Hussein, B. Bai, Impact of composition and salinity on swelling and gel strength of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) preformed particle gel, Emergent Mater. 7 (2024) 565–575.

T. Erceg, I. Ristic, S. Cakic, J. Budinski-Simendic, The influence of synthesis parameters on swelling behaviour of pH-sensitive acrylate based hydrogels, Zastita Materijala 58 (2017) 433–444.

G. Craciun, I.C. Calina, M. Demeter, A. Scarisoreanu, M. Dumitru, E. Manaila, Poly(acrylic acid)-sodium alginate superabsorbent hydrogels synthesized by electron beam irradiation Part I: Impact of initiator concentration and irradiation dose on structure, network parameters and swelling properties, Materials 16 (2023) 4552.

S. Distantina, Rochmadi, M. Fahrurrozi, Wiratni, Synthesis of hydrogel film based on carrageenan extracted from Kappaphycus alvarezii, Mod. Appl. Sci. 7 (2013) 22–30.

O. Duman, T.G. Polat, C.Ö. Diker, S. Tunç, Agar/κ-carrageenan composite hydrogel adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue from water, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 160 (2020) 823–835.

G. Rozo, L. Bohorques, J. Santamaría, Controlled release fertilizer encapsulated by a κ-carrageenan hydrogel, Polímeros 29 (2019) e2019033.

I. Meshram, V. Kanade, N. Nandanwar, P. Ingle, Super-absorbent polymer: A review on the characteristics and application, Int. J. Adv. Res. Chem. Sci. 7 (2020) 8–14.

N.A. Yusoff, N.M. Shahib, N.A. Zainol, K.S.A. Sohaimi, N.M. Rohaizad, E.A. Wikurendra, A. Andini, A. Syafiuddin, Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of polyacrylamide grafted cellulose derived from waste newspaper for surface water treatment, Desalin. Water Treat. 259 (2022) 90–97.

K. Rop, D. Mbui, N. Njomo, G.N. Karuku, R.F. Ajayi, Biodegradable water hyacinth cellulose-graft-poly(ammonium acrylate-co-acrylic acid) polymer hydrogel for potential agricultural application, Heliyon 5 (2019) e01416.

S. Mishra, G. Usha Rani, G. Sen, Microwave initiated synthesis and application of polyacrylic acid grafted carboxymethyl cellulose, Carbohydr. Polym. 87 (2012) 2255–2262.

S. Distantina, D.E. Banowati, L.H. Aprian, M. Kaavessina, Bead gel preparation from cassava bagasse grafted acrylamide and carrageenan, Equilibrium J. Chem. Eng. 8 (2024) 45–52.

S. Distantina, S.R. Haryani, R.U. Hasanah, M. Kaavessina, Swelling degree of carrageenan-corncob bead gel in various media, Chemica: Jurnal Teknik Kimia 8 (2021) 32–38.

E.G. Arafa, M.W. Sabaa, R.R. Mohamed, A.M. Elzanaty, O.F. Abdel-Gawad, Preparation of biodegradable sodium alginate/carboxymethylchitosan hydrogels for the slow-release of urea fertilizer and their antimicrobial activity, React. Funct. Polym. 174 (2022) 105243.

S. Heidari, M. Mohammadi, F. Esmaeilzadeh, D. Mowla, Determination of swelling behavior and mechanical and thermal resistance of acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymers under high pressures and temperatures, ACS Omega 6 (2021) 23862–23872.

S. Singh, S. Bhardwaj, P. Tiwari, K. Dev, K. Ghosh, P.K. Maji, Recent advances in cellulose nanocrystals-based sensors: A review, Mater. Adv. 5 (2024) 2622–2654.

A. Sand, A. Vyas, Superabsorbent polymer based on guar gum-graft-acrylamide: Synthesis and characterization, J. Polym. Res. 27 (2020) 43.

S. Amin, S. Damayanti, S. Ibrahim, Synthesis and characterization molecularly imprinted polymers for analysis of dimethylamylamine using acrylamide as functional monomer, Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia (2018) 76–84.

Z. Mas’ud, M. Khotib, S. Nurmutia, A. Nur, Synthesis of cassava waste pulp-acrylamide superabsorbent: Effect of initiator and cross-linker concentration, Indo. J. Chem. 13 (2013) 66–71.

B. Zhao, H. Jiang, Z. Lin, S. Xu, J. Xie, A. Zhang, Preparation of acrylamide/acrylic acid cellulose hydrogels for the adsorption of heavy metal ions, Carbohydr. Polym. 224 (2019) 115022.

N. Astrini, L. Anah, A. Haryono, Water absorbency of chitosan grafted acrylic acid hydrogels, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 223 (2017) 012045.

H. Laksono, M. Kurniati, Y.W. Sari, C. Winarti, The effect of variation of raw material ratio on hydrogel based on κ-carrageenan-acrylamide as a carrier of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, Reaktor 21 (2021) 103–108.

M. Kurniati, I. Nuraini, C. Winarti, Investigation of swelling ratio and texture analysis of acrylamide-nanocellulose corncobs hydrogel, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1805 (2021) 012036.

S. Sunardi, A. Irwan, W. Tyas Istikowati, Pengaruh penambahan jumlah inisiator amonium persulfat (APS) terhadap karakteristik polimer superabsorben asam akrilat dan selulosa batang alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica), in: Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian, Pendidikan dan Penerapan MIPA, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2013.

A.G. Ibrahim, A.Z. Sayed, H.A. El-Wahab, M.M. Sayah, Synthesis of poly(acrylamide-graft-chitosan) hydrogel: Optimization of the grafting parameters and swelling studies, Am. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. 5 (2019) 55–62.

M. Sadeghi, H. Hosseinzadeh, Synthesis and super-swelling behavior of a novel low salt-sensitive protein-based superabsorbent hydrogel: Collagen-g-poly(AMPS), Turk. J. Chem. 34 (2010) 739–752.

M. Sadeghi, B. Heidari, Crosslinked graft copolymer of methacrylic acid and gelatin as a novel hydrogel with pH-responsiveness properties, Materials 4 (2010) 543–552.

M. Isha, V. Kanade, N. Nandanwar, P. Ingle, Super-absorbent polymer: A review on the characteristics and application, Int. J. Adv. Res. Chem. Sci. 7 (2020) 8–21.